100% green energy by 2030

Google’s data centers around the world use about twice as much electricity as the city of San Francisco.

In total, Google used 15.5 terawatt hours of electricity in 2020 and the majority of that goes to its data centers. (It hasn’t made 2021 figures available.)

The amount of energy Google uses is growing as overall internet usage and its business grows, said Michael Terrell, the Director of Energy at Google.

At the same time, Google is has set out a notably aggressive goal to operate on 24-7 carbon-free energy by 2030: “Humanity’s next big moonshot,” as Alphabet and Google CEO Sundar Pichai has said.

Since 2007, Google claims it has been carbon-neutral, meaning the tech company purchased the same quantity of carbon offsets and renewable energy to make the company’s net operational carbon emissions zero. (Although offsets are not rigorously enforced and do not always represent an actual reduction in emissions.)

Starting in 2017, Google has matched its total electricity use with renewable energy purchases. This second stage represents an improvement, but still means that sometimes Google operates with power from sources that emit carbon dioxide.

The next goal, which Google aims to meet by 2030, is to operate 24-7 on carbon-free energy. That means that Google will operate every hour of every day with carbon-free electricity bought from a nearby, regional grid.

That’s a goal which Pichai has admitted stresses him out.

For Google to meet these goals, its data centers must be super-efficient and it must source clean energy.

That falls under the purview of Maud Texier, the head of energy development for data centers at Google.

One measurement Google focuses on is PUE, or power usage effectiveness, which is the ratio of how much energy is used by the computer data center divided by the total energy used by the computing equipment.

A PUE of 1 means that all of the energy a data center uses goes towards the computing equipment. A PUE of 2 means that for every unit of energy that goes to computing equipment, another equal unit of energy is used to cool the the computer equipment and distribute power to the computing machines.

In 2008, Google’s PUE was about 1.22. The most current PUE that Google published was 1.1, for the second quarter of 2021.

By comparison, the average PUE of large data centers around the globe is 1.57, according to the Uptime Institute’s 2021 Data Center Survey, a study which Google points to.

To drive down their PUE, Google uses a combination of hardware and software developments, Texier told CNBC.

For hardware developments, Google invests in new materials for its servers, specifically seeking materials that emit less heat “so you have less to cool down in the first place,” Texier said.

Google also uses a machine learning program developed by DeepMind, the tech giant’s artificial intelligence arm, to predict the most efficient time to run the heat pumps to cool down its data centers.